Is the plasma in the solid phase,
the answer to the transparency of the universe, dark matter, and cold that
exists in space?
This article answers to three of the questions bigger
in the science of the astronomy, 1 - why the gaseous matter that was filling
the universe, turned transparently, 2 - the called dark matter, a matter that
is transparent, because if it was dark, it would absorb the light. 3 - Because
temperatures exist the exterior space of up to-270 degrees centigrade. The
science teaches us that any substance or matter under certain conditions
evolves of phase or the states aggregate, and based on these thermodynamic laws
applied for the plasma, under the conditions seen in the universe, it is
possible to conclude, that the transparence of the matter in the universe, the
dark matter, and the cold of the space, it can be explained if the plasma that originated in the big bang, to changed for the laws of the thermodynamics to the solid phase, and the solid phase of a plasma are crystals Ionic.
Author; ROGELIO PEREZ CASADIEGO
Introduction;
According to the big bang theory the universe was a
hot plasma, and as the universe expanded this was cooled, but this cooling was
called adiabatic, which would mean that the cooling was due to a change in
phase, and between 300,000 and 800,000 the plasma that filled the universe,
plasma change to gas, both that light could not escape, this is called
"dark age". After took place a mysterious process, the gas became
transparent.[i]
What is dark matter?
In Astrophysics and physical Cosmology is called dark
matter to hypothetical matter that does not emit enough electromagnetic
radiation to be detected with current technical means, but whose existence can
be inferred from gravitational effects that cause visible matter, such as stars
or galaxies, as well as the anisotropies of the cosmic background microwave
present in the universe.[ii]
The dark matter is a matter that has never been seen, that scientists know that exists on the gravitational effects in the visible matter. And in that search the scientists were raised the possibility that there is another kind of matter, whose particles were beyond the standard model known, based on the existence of an invisible matter, studied the particles of the standard model and found an anomaly in the standard model, in a particle known as "quark beauty", then to explain this anomaly emerged an explanation of new particles known as super symmetry, "Susy" which explains that every fundamental particle has a super partner, proving that the lightest of the group of particles theorized (not discovered), could have the properties hypothetical dark matter, known as particle super symmetry, “WIMP”[1].
The super symmetry as response;
The dark matter is a matter that has never been seen, that scientists know that exists on the gravitational effects in the visible matter. And in that search the scientists were raised the possibility that there is another kind of matter, whose particles were beyond the standard model known, based on the existence of an invisible matter, studied the particles of the standard model and found an anomaly in the standard model, in a particle known as "quark beauty", then to explain this anomaly emerged an explanation of new particles known as super symmetry, "Susy" which explains that every fundamental particle has a super partner, proving that the lightest of the group of particles theorized (not discovered), could have the properties hypothetical dark matter, known as particle super symmetry, “WIMP”[1].
Many were the experiments to try to prove the particles super symmetry, and mainly the particle WIMP, on the part of the scientific community as the laboratories of snolab, the Sasso, jinpinp in china etc, but still have not found anything.
Then if we can say is that in the Large colisionador of adrones of Europe (LHC), it showed the results of the study of the anomaly of the fundamental particle “quark beauty”, of whose anomaly causes the new physics or supersymmetry, showing as results that this anomaly does not exist, and that the particle "quark beauty", behaves as predicted in the standard model[2].
Where do originate the matter in
the universe?
The origin of matter in the universe, according to the
paradigm that reigns in the science, teaches us that the matter originated plasma,
originated from a large explosion. Based on this information we can say that
the dark matter is caused by plasma.
What is plasma?
In physics and chemistry, is called plasma; the fourth
state of aggregation of matter.
The plasma is the state of aggregation most abundant
nature, and most of the matter in the visible universe is in the plasma state.
Can plasma change of state?
Any substance or mixture, modifying their conditions
of temperature or pressure can be obtained different states or phases, called
states of aggregation of matter, in relation to the forces of union of the
particles (molecules, atoms or ions) that constitute it.
In physics and chemistry is called status change to
the evolution of substance between several states of aggregation without
entailing a change in its composition. The three states most studied and common
on Earth are the solid, liquid and gas; however, the state of aggregation more
common in the universe is the plasma, material of which they are composed the
stars (if the dark matter is discarded).
Deionization: it is the change of plasma to a gas, but plasma when
it has evolved into gas, is said to be it an ionic gas. Reverse sublimation; i.e. the direct passage of the State from gas
to solid state. But when an ionic gas evolves into a solid, they are called
Ionic solid, and an ionic solid is a crystal.
Ionic crystal. Positive and negative ions are supported in the
Crystal network for electrostatic attractions. Because the forces are strong,
ionic substances have high melting points. Ionic crystals are hard and brittle.
Due to the movement of an ion on another plane, ions with the same charge repel
each other. The crystals breaks into pieces, these are good conductors of
electricity when molten or in solution (Mortimer, 1983).
What is the cold?
Of the Latin frigĭdus, or rather heat absence, it is
defined according to RAE as that body that has a temperature very lower than
the ordinary one of the ambience. It is defined as an adjectival property of a
body, without contributing a definition of the noun. The cold, in itself, is a
low temperature (or the absence of a high temperature), talking each other
therefore of a consequence of the heat, and not of an independent phenomenon.[iii]
What is the temperature? Is a magnitude referred to the common notions of
heat, cold, mild or warm, measurable by a thermometer. In physics, is defined
as a magnitude scale related to the internal energy of a system thermodynamic,
defined by the principle of zero thermodynamics. More specifically, is directly
related to the part of the inner energy known as "kinetic energy",
which is the energy associated to the movements of the particles in the system,
is in a sense translational, rotational, or in the form of vibrations. The
temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius (°C), and also in degrees
Fahrenheit (F) or with a unit of absolute temperature as is the Kelvin (K). The
absolute zero (0 K) corresponds to -273.15 ºC.[iv]
For an astronaut who orbits about the Earththe
temperature may vary sharply in a matter of seconds, depending on who is in
front of the sun or protected by the shadow of our planet. In the latter case,
the temperature can reach up to -180º C. However, if the astronaut is located
facing the astro king, the heat becomes unbearable, reaching 122 ºC.[v]
But as we move further away from the sun this temperature is decreasing,
therefore theoretically the lowest temperature in space would be 0ºK (-273,
15ºC), when there is no type of energy.
Absolute zero is the lowest theoretical temperature
possible. At this temperature the level of internal energy of the system is the
lowest possible, by which the particles, according to classical mechanics, lack
of movement; [vi]
However, according to quantum mechanics, the absolute zero must have a residual
power, called zero point energy, to meet the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Absolute zero serves as a starting point for the Kelvin scale and the scale of
Rankine.[vii]
Thus, 0 K (or what is the same, 0 R) correspond,
approximately, to temperature −273, 15 ° C or −459, 67 ° F.3 [viii]
According to the third law of thermodynamics, absolute
zero is an unattainable limit. The most current cold only reaches - 273,144 °
C. The reason for this is that molecules of the camera, arriving at that
temperature, do not have enough energy to make it descend further. The entropy
of a perfect Crystal pure and perfect
Would be zero, if the atoms that compose it do not
form a perfect Crystal, its entropy must be greater than zero, so it is always
higher than absolute zero and the glass will always have imperfections induced
by the motion of its atoms, needing a movement that compensates for it and,
therefore, always having a residual imperfection.
Fit to mention that at 0 K absolutely all the
substances would harden and that according to the current model of the heat,
the molecules would lose all ability to move or to vibrate.
Conclusions of the research;
The results of this research have taught us that the answer
to the mystery of the transparency of the gas that filled the universe, the
mystery of the transparent material which fills the universe, known as dark
matter, and the cold that exists in the outer space, is a same; phase solid of
plasma that filled the universe according to the big bang theory, has this
conclusion can be reached due to the laws of thermodynamics for the plasma,
when there is a change in temperature as occurred after the big bang.
The plasma are mainly composed of ions, according to thermodynamic
laws, the plasma change of aggregation State due to the change in temperature,
science teaches us that the fourth State of aggregation of matter (plasma)
evolved to the third degree of aggregation, that is the ion gas, which
originated the call "dark age" in the universe , but these same
conditions originated by thermodynamic laws, that matter passed to the
solid-state Ionic, which are ionic crystals, which are transparent, so I can
say that the so-called "dark age" term when the ionic gas that filled
the universe became transparent, because change state, ionic solids or ionic
crystals, but we can also associate this crystalline matter , with dark matter,
because it has all the known features of the dark matter, example, the dark
matter should be transparent because things dark absorb light, is also known
for effect lens, because doubles the space-time, (although it is strange that
the space does not refracting the light, but when it bends becomes a lens of
1.75°, until the 22°, needed to produce a halo of gravity), and finally we know
the existence of dark matter by the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave
background. The matter crystalline is transparent, is also known for that is a
lens, and finally we know the characteristics of anisotropy of the crystals.
In the universe the existence of cold was due to the
loss of energy of the matter by change of phase, according to physics minor
movement of the atoms of a system is cold.
According to this, we can say that where there is cold
there are atoms and by consequent matter, so we can conclude, that space is
filled with matter that by phase change came to this state of vibration (cold).
I conclude that in the space, there is no heat or
cold, there is radiation to be absorbed by the body, generating a higher energy
vibration, causing increased molecular movement of bodies. And ionic crystals
to be impregnated in the bodies, originating a lower vibration of energy,
causing a lower molecular motion of bodies or cold, therefore the substances
tend to solidify.
According to what we have been talking about when
matter begins to present these temperatures is because the motion of its atoms
has decreased, and at these temperatures most of the matter is solidified, so
arguably that matter that produces cold in space is a solid. Solid with entropy
in nature, able to get almost to absolute zero is the Crystal, also for its
transparency it is also capable of living in an environment of high radiation,
absorbing very little energy. That is
why the temperatures existing in the space vary from is 180C° or more, until
the -270C°, as it is in certain places where the radiation level is lower.
Bibliografía;
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen_del_Universo
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(estado_de_la_materia)
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambio_de_estado
Mortimer
Charles E, QUÍMICA, quinta edición, Grupo Editorial Iberoamérica, México 1983.
Chang
Raymond, QUÍMICA, sexta edición, McGraw-Hill, México 1998.
A.J. Krubsack, Experimental Organic Chemistry, 1era
edición, Allyn & Bacon Inc. Boston,
1973.
[v] http://www.muyinteresante.es/curiosidades/preguntas-respuestas/ique-temperatura-hay-en-el-espacio-exterior
